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- <text id=91TT0571>
- <title>
- Mar. 18, 1991: Modernism's Russian Front
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Mar. 18, 1991 A Moment To Savor
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ART, Page 77
- Modernism's Russian Front
- </hdr><body>
- <p>The birth of abstraction is illuminated in the energetic work
- of two compatriots
- </p>
- <p>By Robert Hughes
- </p>
- <p> Sometimes, as though by a benign but unforeseen planetary
- conjunction, exhibitions in New York City will light one
- another up. So it is with the present retrospectives of two of
- the leading figures of Russian modernism: Kazimir Malevich
- (1878-1935) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Liubov Popova
- (1889-1924) at the Museum of Modern Art.
- </p>
- <p> Malevich, inevitably, comes out as the more powerful artist
- (which is not at all to denigrate the brilliant gifts of
- Popova). His show was seen in Moscow, Amsterdam, Washington and
- Los Angeles before arriving in New York, but it has special
- resonance in Manhattan because of the city's history as a
- forcing bed of abstract art. No single artist "invented"
- abstraction, but Malevich was certainly one of the first to set
- forth its claims as a visual language. It was Malevich who did
- for abstract painting what Picasso, in Les Demoiselles
- d'Avignon, did for the figure. His emblematic work (for
- Americans) was White Square on White, 1918--that
- unreproducible, fierce, magical white square, canted on a
- slightly warmer white ground, which has been in the Museum of
- Modern Art since the '30s and has become a central icon of the
- reductive impulse. But now we see in depth what went before and
- came after it: a fascinating spectacle.
- </p>
- <p> One should think of Malevich as an iconmaker. He did. He was
- a very Russian Russian, a kind of starets, or holy man, filled
- with chiliastic dreams of the future of art, with an eye for
- promotion and a remarkable ability to get under the skin of
- other artists. His decisiveness was amazing. A weak start--some feeble pastiches of Impressionism, and then a brief phase
- of yearning Symbolist mystagogy. But then the impact of Fauvism
- kicked in around 1910, and there was no stopping him. With a
- kind of relentless metabolic energy, Malevich started grinding
- through the styles of the Parisian avant-garde, producing
- unmistakably Russian paintings as he did so. "I remained on the
- side of peasant art and began to paint in the primitive
- spirit," he wrote later. The bulky twisting serfs in Floor
- Polishers, 1911-12, are the laboring cousins of the ecstatic
- figures in Matisse's La Danse, 1909, and the red-hot metallic
- forms of The Woodcutter, 1912, are a Tolstoyan version of
- Leger's "tubism." Aviator, 1914, plays with the standard
- emblems of Cubism--printed words, a hat, an ace of clubs. But
- it has to be the only Cubist painting with a sturgeon in it.
- </p>
- <p> A vigorous partisan in the art groups of Moscow before,
- during and after the revolution, Malevich invented a new art
- movement, consisting essentially of himself: Suprematism. It
- was based on a slippery idea with vast meaning to him, zaum.
- It meant "beyond reason": zaum stood for a dismantling of
- artistic conventions, for putting imagination into free fall
- and thus, Malevich believed, becoming one with nature:
- "Nature's perfection lies in the absolute, blind freedom of
- units within it." One joined nature in its absoluteness by
- painting abstractly. However cloudy Malevich's voluble theories
- are, his Suprematist paintings are as decisive as razors: those
- forceful, exquisite arrangements of planes, asserting their
- aesthetic self-sufficiency on a white ground (which was also
- the celestial white background of Moscow icons) have an almost
- heroic daring, which he would push still further in the plain
- black crosses and black squares of the '20s.
- </p>
- <p> And then came the ice of Stalinism, the crushing of the
- cultural avant-garde. Malevich retracted; he went back to
- painting cutouts of peasants in the field; his last picture,
- from 1933, is a realist self-portrait in which the primary
- colors of Suprematism are shifted into the panels of the
- costume he wears. He looks like Christopher Columbus, as well
- he might.
- </p>
- <p> Unlike Malevich, Liubov Popova died young--scarlet fever
- got her in 1924, before Stalin's purges could. She was only 35.
- At least she was spared the miseries of censorship and
- persecution visited on other Russian avant-gardists by Stalin.
- Moreover, she died at a time when it was still possible for an
- idealistic, exuberantly gifted young artist like herself to
- believe in the promise of Leninism. Her last works, such as the
- 1923 collage stage design for a play about the revolution
- called Earth in Turmoil--showing a helmeted aviator,
- prototype of the new Soviet Man, gazing at a gaggle of
- photographs of Czars and White Russian officers pasted on
- upside down and annulled by a white X--are hopeful agitprop,
- infused with the same clean sharp humor that ran through the
- work of her German contemporary, the Dadaist Hannah Hoch.
- </p>
- <p> All the same, Popova's talents as a painter could hardly
- have grown as fast and as confidently as they did without the
- security of her liberal, upper-middle-class background, the way
- of life the revolution mercilessly crushed. She was the adored
- child of a rich Moscow textile merchant, whose money enabled
- her to go to Paris in 1913 and study under those secondary
- Cubists, Jean Metzinger and Henri le Fauconnier. Even her
- student work--the big studio nudes in a Cubist idiom
- represented in the show--has striking analytic toughness. Its
- painted planes, jutting and curling in imagined space, become
- literal in 1915: painted cardboard still-life sculptures
- inspired by Archipenko.
- </p>
- <p> But sculpture was basically too material an art for Popova.
- A gifted colorist, she wanted to explore what illusions of
- visual depth and energy a flat surface could contain. One sees
- this ambition unfolding phase by phase with a steadfast, though
- unprogrammed, logic. Malevich catalyzed her in 1915, but her
- series of "Painterly Architectonics" is by no means an
- imitation of the look of his Suprematism. They are equally
- inspired by the planes and colors of ancient Russian and
- Islamic architecture; she married an architectural historian
- and went as far afield as Samarkand. Occasionally her work
- strikes an apocalyptic, Kandinsky-like note. One example is the
- great Painterly Construction of 1920, with its jagged black
- shapes and whirling cones of force playing across a landscape
- in turmoil. But generally the keel of feeling is even, the
- track straight as an arrow. Here was a determined young painter
- following her nose, with a passionate sense of the edge where
- formal research bursts into sparks and arpeggios of lyric
- feeling.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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